General
The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) is an international standard for describing language ability. It consists of six levels and more information can be found here:
English | http://www.cambridgeenglish.org/exams/cefr/ |
German | http://www.europaeischer-referenzrahmen.de/sprachniveau.php |
Dialang is an online placement test which has been developed with European support to help you assess your own language proficiency in different European languages:
A site with lots of links to free online resources for different languages: